NREMT Paramedic Practice

Which of the following would likely indicate a respiratory problem when assessing pH and CO2 levels?

1. High pH and low CO2

2. Low pH and high CO2

3. Normal pH and normal CO2

4. High pH and normal CO2

The correct answer is: Low pH and high CO2

A low pH and high CO2 level typically indicates a respiratory problem because it suggests that the body is retaining carbon dioxide (CO2), leading to respiratory acidosis. In this condition, the lungs are unable to effectively remove CO2, which then accumulates in the bloodstream, causing the blood to become more acidic. The low pH indicates a higher concentration of hydrogen ions, consistent with an acidosis state, and the high levels of CO2 confirm that the respiratory system isn't adequately functioning to regulate acid-base balance. In contrast, other options present scenarios that do not indicate respiratory problems. For instance, a high pH combined with low CO2 typically points toward respiratory alkalosis, where the body is expelling too much CO2—often due to hyperventilation. Normal pH and normal CO2 suggest stable acid-base balance, indicating that there is likely no acute respiratory distress. A high pH with normal CO2 can also suggest a metabolic alkalosis, which is unrelated to respiratory function. Hence, the identification of low pH and high CO2 as indicative of respiratory complications is critical for diagnosing and managing respiratory conditions effectively.